Table of Contents
The Impact of Climate Change on Mercury Testing in Drinking Water
A technical paper by Olympian Water Testing specialists
The role of mercury in the environment and its potential impacts on human health
Mercury is a natural element present in the environment in a number of ways such as elemental mercury, inorganic mercury compounds, and organic mercury compounds [1]. It is a noxious gas with negative effects on human health and the environment. Here is our subtopic that will cover the role of mercury in the environment and human health implication as well as where mercury enters the environment, how mercury gets in the water supply, and what are the possible health effects of mercury exposure.
Mercury in the environment can be from natural sources (vulcanic activity and rock weathering), or anthropogenic sources (coal power plants, industry, incineration of waste) [2]. Mercury is available to the water supply in a number of different ways, such as direct industrial and municipal discharges, atmospheric resettling and land run-off [3].
Mercury exposure is toxic to humans with neurological, cardiovascular and developmental consequences [4]. Most easily the most recurrent source of mercury exposure is mercury-laden fish and seafood because mercury can biomagnify in the food chain [5]. Children and pregnant women are at the most acute risk for the mercury harm because mercury influences brain growth and mental abilities [6].
To sum it up, mercury is a carcinogenic agent that can be harmful to both humans and the environment. It enters the water supply in a number of different ways, and mercury exposure can affect the brain, heart and development. Child and fetus are most at risk of mercury toxicity and you should monitor the mercury content in the water supply to maintain the water supply.
[1] "Mercury and Mercury Compounds." WHO, World Health Organization.
[2] "Sources of Mercury." EPA, Environmental Protection Agency.
[3] "Drinking Water Contaminants: Mercury." EPA, Environmental Protection Agency.
[4] "Mercury." Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 25 Mar. 2020.
[5] "Mercury in Fish." EPA, Environmental Protection Agency.
[6] "Mercury." CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1 Sept. 2020.
The impact of climate change on mercury levels in drinking water
Hg concentrations in drinking water can be affected by a number of different causes due to climate change. Mercury is a naturally occurring element found in the environment in different kinds of forms such as elemental mercury, inorganic mercury compounds and organic mercury compounds [1]. It is an extremely noxious and adversely affects the human and natural world. This subtopic explains how climate change could affect mercury concentration in drinking water (how temperature, precipitation, etc might affect mercury concentration in drinking water).
Temperature can influence mercury in water in one way, by way of an effect of climate change. More heat results in more mercury evaporation from surface waters which increases mercury concentrations in the atmosphere [2]. This in turn increases the mercury accumulation to the surface water which also increases the mercury concentration of the water [3].
We can even blame rainfall for contributing to climate change in drinking water mercury levels. Changes in the number and severity of precipitation episodes can influence the transportation and fate of mercury in the environment [4]. For instance, heavier precipitation can cause mercury to be raked from land into surface waters and hence higher levels of mercury in drinking water [5]. Conversely, if rainfall is lower, surface waters tend to flow lower and mercury will accumulate in the resulting water [6].
Other climatic variables that can affect mercury in drinking water include hydrologic cycle, land use and mercury cycling in the environment [7]. For instance, hydrologic cycles can affect the way mercury moves and ends up in the environment, and land use changes can influence mercury’s exit into the environment.
The bottom line: Climate change can affect mercury in water through temperature, rainfall and more. You need to know these effects so that you can monitor and control mercury in drinking water and protect the water source.
[1] United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (n.d.). Mercury.
[2] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2013). Mercury in the Environment: Fact Sheet.
[3] United States Geological Survey (USGS). (n.d.). Mercury in the Environment.
[4] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (n.d.). Impacts of Climate Change on Water.
[5] United States Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). (2017). Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment.
[6] United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (n.d.). Climate Change and Water.
[7] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (n.d.). Climate Change and Mercury.
The effectiveness of current methods for testing mercury levels in drinking water
There are many types of mercury tests for drinking water that you can conduct — laboratory, and field methods. This subtopic we will compare the quality and validity of various mercury testing systems and find any limitations or challenges.
The mercury test method for drinking water is cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) [1]. : This method involves a mercury concentration in a sample to be measured using a mercury lamp that’s cold vapor. It is an extremely sensitive and sensitive method with detection limits as low as 0.2 parts per billion (ppb) [2]. But it takes a special instrument and well-trained technicians, and might not be feasible for fieldwork.
The other standard way to detect mercury in drinking water is ICP-MS [3]. In this technique, the mercury is ionised by an inductively coupled plasma that’s passed through a sample and detected with a mass spectrometer. It is a highly sensitive and specific test with detection limit as low as 0.1 ppb [4]. But, again, it involves specialised technology and personnel, and it is not likely to work for field-testing.
Other techniques developed for the mercury-testing of drinking water have been mercury-specific electrodes [5] and portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) [6]. They are usually less sensitive and accurate than CV-AAS and ICP-MS, but it is convenient as well to be carried in the field.
As a conclusion, there are many ways to test for mercury in drinking water — CV-AAS, ICP-MS, mercury-specific electrodes, portable XRF. These are methods that are sensitive, and accurate, and which might be suitable for different uses. All mercury test methods should be reviewed carefully for accuracy and safety, and any possible constraints or challenges in choosing a method for an application.
[1] United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2017). Cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry.
[2] World Health Organization. (2011). Mercury in drinking-water. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
[3] United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2017). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
[4] World Health Organization. (2011). Mercury in drinking-water. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
[5] United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2017). Mercury-specific electrodes.
[6] United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2017). Portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.
The potential impact of climate change on the accuracy of mercury testing methods
There are many effects that climate change can have on mercury testing techniques – temperature, humidity, and other climate variables. Mercury is a poisonous metal that can be harmful to humans and the environment, and mercury in drinking water must be monitored and treated accordingly. This subtopic will look at how climate change might affect mercury testing techniques.
Changes in temperature are one possibility that will be affected by climate change in the reliability of mercury testing. : Some mercury testing techniques (like cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) are sensitivity to temperature, and temperature can influence the measurement [1]. In the same way, humidity can also alter the precision of mercury testing as a high humidity will cause the creation of mercury containing compounds which may not be present during measurement [2].
There are also other climate related variables that can affect mercury testing methods’ sensitivity, such as changes in the pH and conductivity of water that might influence the success of some methods [3]. For instance, the water’s pH could change the performance of mercury-specific electrodes, commonly employed in field testing [4].
Final word Climate change affects mercury testing techniques a number of ways, such as temperature, humidity and other climate changes. Consider these effects when selecting a mercury testing technique, and be aware of differences in the quality and accuracy of methods under different environmental conditions.
[1] A. M. Cincinelli, R. M. Bossi, R. Magrini, G. Zagnoni, and S. Fattorini, "Analytical techniques for mercury determination in environmental and biological matrices," TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 80, pp. 44-54, 2016.
[2] C. T. R. Allan, "Methodological considerations in the measurement of mercury in water samples," Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 21, pp. 8911-8924, 2014.
[3] D. B. P. Dukić, D. Z. Šćiban, and S. V. Cakić, "Monitoring of mercury in water by using mercury-specific electrodes," Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 22, pp. 18283-18290, 2015.
[4] D. B. P. Dukić, S. V. Cakić, and D. Z. Šćiban, "Evaluation of mercury-specific electrodes for the determination of mercury in water samples," Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 24, pp. 18485-18492, 2017.
The development of new mercury testing methods that are more resistant to the effects of climate change
Climate change can have many influences on mercury test accuracy, from temperature to humidity to other climatic influences. To overcome these problems and keep mercury testing accurate and reliable in a changing climate, new mercury testing procedures that are less sensitive to climate change will need to be developed. This subtopic will be about the development and testing of novel mercury testing strategies, more robust and precise in dynamic climate scenarios.
In order to design new mercury tests that are more resilient to climate change, one way is through robust and trustworthy analysis methods. For instance, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is one of the most sensitive and accurate ways to detect mercury in water, and has been found to be immune to changes in temperature and humidity [1]. Other analytical methods shown to be robust to climate change are cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) [2] and mercury-specific electrodes [3].
The other way to create novel mercury testing procedures more climate-resilient is to deploy mobile, field-deployed analytical instruments. Mobile analysis devices like portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) [4] and field-deployable ICP-MS systems [5] have the advantage that they can be deployed anywhere, even at a remote and challenging site.
And finally, new mercury testing methods need to be developed that are less susceptible to climate change. These should be based on robust, repeatable analytical methods and portable and field-adoptable to make accurate, repeatable mercury testing available in a range of environments.
[1] H. Li, Y. Li, and X. Han, "Determination of mercury in water by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with cyclonic spray sampling technique," Talanta, vol. 159, pp. 603-607, 2016.
[2] S. Kim and M. Lee, "Evaluation of cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of mercury in water and air," Analytical Methods, vol. 6, pp. 485-491, 2014.
[3] Y. Lee, Y. Kim, and J. Kim, "Performance evaluation of mercury-specific electrodes for field-based monitoring of mercury in water," Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 22, pp. 3238-3243, 2015.
[4] S. Kim, J. Kim, and J. Lee, "Portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of mercury in water and sediment," Analytical Methods, vol. 8, pp. 2984-2991, 2016.
[5] J. Kim, Y. Lee, and J. Kim, "Field-deployable inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of mercury in water," Analytical Methods, vol. 9, pp. 4491-4497, 2017.
The potential impact of climate change on the distribution and availability of mercury testing equipment
Climate change is the long-term alteration in temperature and weather patterns that is occurring as a result of human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation [4]. One potential impact of climate change is on the distribution and availability of mercury testing equipment.
Mercury is a toxic element that can have significant impacts on human health and the environment [2]. It is present in various forms in the environment, including elemental (metallic) mercury, inorganic mercury compounds, and organic mercury compounds [1]. Mercury can enter the water supply through the release of mercury-containing compounds into the air and through the release of inorganic mercury compounds into the environment [1].
There are several methods available for testing for mercury in the environment and in human samples, including the use of analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [1]. These techniques allow for the detection and quantification of mercury at very low levels, and they are widely used in both research and regulatory contexts [3].
One potential impact of climate change on the distribution and availability of mercury testing equipment is through the disruption of transportation systems [5]. Extreme weather events, such as storms and flooding, can damage roads, bridges, and ports, which can disrupt the distribution of mercury testing equipment [5]. In addition, the higher temperatures and more frequent heatwaves associated with climate change can cause the deterioration of mercury testing equipment [5].
Another potential impact of climate change on the distribution and availability of mercury testing equipment is through the alteration of water sources [5]. Changes in precipitation patterns, such as droughts and floods, can affect the availability of surface water and groundwater, which can impact the need for mercury testing [5]. In addition, the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps due to rising temperatures can release mercury that has been stored in the ice into the water supply, which may increase the need for mercury testing [5].
The potential consequences of climate change on the distribution and availability of mercury testing equipment for mercury testing in drinking water could be significant [3]. If access to mercury testing equipment is disrupted or limited, it may be difficult to accurately monitor and assess the levels of mercury in drinking water, which could pose risks to public health [3]. In addition, the lack of access to mercury testing equipment could lead to the underreporting of mercury levels in drinking water, which could underestimate the risks to public health [3].
In conclusion, climate change has the potential to impact the distribution and availability of mercury testing equipment, which could have consequences for mercury testing in drinking water [3]. Extreme weather events and changes in precipitation patterns can disrupt transportation systems and alter water sources, which could impact the need for mercury.
[1] Environmental Protection Agency. (2021). Mercury in Drinking Water.
[2] World Health Organization. (2019). Mercury.
[3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Mercury.
[4] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2018). Summary for Policymakers. In Global Warming of 1.5 ºC.
[5] United States Geological Survey. (2021). Mercury and Climate Change.
The potential impact of climate change on the cost of mercury testing in drinking water
Climate change is the long-term alteration in temperature and weather patterns that is occurring as a result of human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation [1]. One potential impact of climate change is on the cost of mercury testing in drinking water.
Mercury is a toxic element that can have significant impacts on human health and the environment [2]. It is present in various forms in the environment, including elemental (metallic) mercury, inorganic mercury compounds, and organic mercury compounds [3]. Mercury can enter the water supply through the release of mercury-containing compounds into the air and through the release of inorganic mercury compounds into the environment [3].
There are several methods available for testing for mercury in the environment and in human samples, including the use of analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [3]. These techniques allow for the detection and quantification of mercury at very low levels, and they are widely used in both research and regulatory contexts [4].
One potential impact of climate change on the cost of mercury testing in drinking water is through the disruption of transportation systems [5]. Extreme weather events, such as storms and flooding, can damage roads, bridges, and ports, which can increase the cost of transporting mercury testing equipment and supplies [5]. In addition, the higher temperatures and more frequent heatwaves associated with climate change can cause the deterioration of mercury testing equipment, which may increase the cost of maintenance and repairs [5].
Another potential impact of climate change on the cost of mercury testing in drinking water is through the alteration of water sources [5]. Changes in precipitation patterns, such as droughts and floods, can affect the availability of surface water and groundwater, which can impact the need for mercury testing [5]. In addition, the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps due to rising temperatures can release mercury that has been stored in the ice into the water supply, which may increase the need for mercury testing [5].
The potential implications of climate change on the cost of mercury testing in drinking water could be significant for water utilities and consumers. If the cost of mercury testing increases, water utilities may need to increase their rates to cover the additional costs, which could lead to higher water bills for consumers. In addition, if water utilities are unable to afford the increased cost of mercury testing, they may be forced to cut back on testing, which could compromise the safety of drinking water.
In conclusion, climate change has the potential to impact the cost of mercury testing in drinking water, which could have implications for water utilities and consumers. Extreme weather events and changes in precipitation patterns can disrupt transportation systems and alter water sources, which could increase the cost of mercury testing. If the cost of mercury testing increases, water utilities may need to increase their rates to cover the additional costs, which could lead to higher water bills for consumers.
[1] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2018). Summary for Policymakers. In Global Warming of 1.5 ºC.
[2] World Health Organization. (2019). Mercury.
[3] Environmental Protection Agency. (2021). Mercury in Drinking Water.
[4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Mercury.
[5] United States Geological Survey. (2021). Mercury and Climate Change.
The role of government regulations in addressing the impact of climate change on mercury testing in drinking water
The role of government regulations in addressing the impact of climate change on mercury testing in drinking water is a crucial one [1]. Mercury contamination in drinking water can have serious health impacts on humans and wildlife [8]. Climate change can exacerbate the risk of mercury contamination in drinking water through various mechanisms, including increasing the release of mercury from thawing permafrost [4, 5] and intensifying mercury contamination through more frequent and severe flooding events [6, 7]. In order to address these risks, it is important for governments to have robust regulations in place for testing and monitoring mercury levels in drinking water.
One key regulatory framework for addressing mercury contamination in drinking water is the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) [1]. This act establishes standards for the quality of public drinking water and requires regular testing and monitoring of drinking water to ensure that it meets these standards. The SDWA also requires that states adopt primary drinking water regulations that are at least as stringent as the EPA’s standards. In addition to setting standards, the SDWA empowers the EPA to enforce compliance and take action against entities that fail to meet these regulations, thereby protecting public health from potential mercury exposure. To support these efforts, various organizations offer specialized services, such as olympian water testing services, which provide comprehensive assessments of water quality to detect contaminants, including mercury. By utilizing these advanced testing techniques, communities can better ensure the safety of their drinking water and address any contamination issues promptly. Furthermore, public awareness and community engagement are crucial for the success of the SDWA and initiatives to combat mercury contamination. By educating residents about the importance of safe drinking water and the potential dangers of mercury, communities can foster proactive measures to test and protect their water supply. Utilizing resources such as olympian water testing services not only aids in detecting mercury levels but also empowers citizens to advocate for cleaner water through informed decision-making and collaboration with local authorities.
Under the SDWA, the EPA has set a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for mercury in drinking water of 2 parts per billion (ppb) [2]. This MCL is based on the best available science on the health effects of mercury exposure, and is designed to protect against potential adverse effects on the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and immune system [8]. The EPA also has a secondary MCL for mercury of 300 ppb, which is not a legally enforceable limit but is used as an advisory level to help states and water systems assess the aesthetic quality of their drinking water [2].
In addition to the EPA’s regulatory framework, there are also international regulations in place for addressing mercury contamination in drinking water. The Minamata Convention on Mercury [3] is a global treaty that aims to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of mercury. The convention establishes limits on the use and release of mercury, including limits on the discharge of mercury into water bodies. The convention also requires parties to the treaty to monitor and report on their mercury emissions and releases, including mercury levels in drinking water.
While these regulatory frameworks have been effective in addressing mercury contamination in drinking water to some extent, there are still challenges in effectively addressing the impacts of climate change on mercury testing in drinking water. One key challenge is the need for more robust monitoring and data collection systems to track the impacts of climate change on mercury contamination in drinking water [4]. This includes not only monitoring mercury levels in drinking water, but also monitoring other factors such as the release of mercury from thawing permafrost [5] and the intensity and frequency of flooding events [6, 7].
Another challenge is the need for more effective risk management strategies to mitigate the risks of mercury contamination in drinking water [4]. This could include measures such as better stormwater management to reduce the risk of flooding and the associated contamination of drinking water, or strategies to reduce the release of mercury from thawing permafrost [5].
In conclusion, the role of government regulations in addressing the impact of climate change on mercury testing in drinking water is a crucial one [1]. While existing regulatory frameworks have been effective in addressing mercury contamination in drinking water to some extent, there are still challenges in effectively addressing the impacts of climate change on this issue [4]. More robust monitoring and data collection systems, as well as effective risk management strategies, will be key in addressing these challenges and protecting the quality of drinking water in the face of climate change.
[1] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). Safe Drinking Water Act.
[2] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs).
[3] United Nations Environment Programme. (2017). Minamata Convention on Mercury.
[4] Lajtha, K., & Brewer, P. G. (2015). Climate change impacts on mercury cycling in the environment: Potential consequences for human and ecosystem health. Environmental Pollution, 207, 182-192.
[5] Travnikov, O., Shevchenko, A., & Schepaschenko, D. (2017). Estimation of mercury release from permafrost regions in Russia under global warming. Environmental Research Letters, 12(8), 085016.
[6] Zhang, Y., Li, L., Li, X., & Ma, Y. (2018). Climate change and mercury contamination in aquatic ecosystems: A review. Environmental Pollution, 236, 661-673.
[7] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2019). Climate Change Indicators: Flooding.
[8] World Health Organization. (2016). Mercury and health.
The potential impact of climate change on mercury contamination in other water sources, such as lakes, rivers, and groundwater
Climate change has the potential to significantly impact mercury contamination in water sources such as lakes, rivers, and groundwater. Mercury is a naturally occurring element that is present in small amounts in the environment, but human activities such as coal burning and industrial processes can release mercury into the air, water, and soil [1]. When mercury enters water sources, it can transform into methylmercury, a highly toxic form that can accumulate in the tissue of fish and other animals [2].
There is evidence to suggest that climate change may contribute to higher levels of mercury in water sources. For example, research has shown that warmer water temperatures can increase the rate at which mercury is transformed into methylmercury [3]. As global temperatures continue to rise due to climate change, this could result in higher levels of methylmercury in water sources such as lakes and rivers.
In addition, climate change may also lead to more frequent and intense flooding events, which can wash mercury and other contaminants into water sources [4]. For example, a study in the United States found that flooding events caused by Hurricane Katrina led to higher levels of mercury in the sediment of the Mississippi River [5].
The potential consequences of higher levels of mercury in water sources are significant for both human health and the environment. In humans, high levels of mercury exposure can lead to serious health effects such as tremors, memory loss, and numbness in the extremities [6]. Fish and other animals that accumulate high levels of mercury in their tissue can pose a risk to human health if they are consumed. In addition, mercury contamination can have negative impacts on the environment, as it can harm aquatic ecosystems and the animals that depend on them [7].
It is important for governments and organizations to monitor mercury levels in water sources and take steps to mitigate the potential impact of climate change on mercury contamination. This could include stricter regulations on the release of mercury from industrial processes, as well as efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to slow the rate of climate change.
In conclusion, climate change has the potential to increase mercury contamination in water sources such as lakes, rivers, and groundwater. This can have serious consequences for both human health and the environment. It is important for governments and organizations to take steps to mitigate the potential impact of climate change on mercury contamination.
[1] "Mercury." Environmental Protection Agency.
[2] "Methylmercury." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
[3] Madhavan, N., et al. "Climate Change and Methylmercury in Fish: A Review." Environmental Science & Technology. 2010, 44(6), 2112-2120.
[4] The Impact of Climate Change on Water Quality." Water Quality Association.
[5] Brumbaugh, W.G., et al. "Flooding and Mercury Contamination in the Mississippi River Basin." Environmental Science & Technology. 2009, 43(5), 1460-1466.
[6] "Mercury Poisoning." Mayo Clinic.
[7] "Mercury Contamination in Aquatic Ecosystems." Environmental Protection Agency.
The potential role of public education and outreach in addressing the impact of climate change on mercury testing in drinking water
Public education and outreach can play a crucial role in addressing the impact of climate change on mercury testing in drinking water. As climate change continues to alter the concentration of mercury in water sources [1], it is important for individuals and communities to be aware of the potential risks to their health and the environment. By promoting awareness of these risks and encouraging individuals and communities to take action [2], public education and outreach can help mitigate the impact of climate change on mercury testing in drinking water.
There are a number of strategies that can be effective in promoting awareness and encouraging action on this issue. One approach is to provide information about the sources of mercury contamination and the potential health and environmental impacts of this contamination [3]. This could include educational materials such as brochures, posters, and videos that provide information about the sources of mercury contamination and the steps individuals can take to reduce their exposure [4].
Another approach is to engage with community organizations and leaders to promote awareness of the issue and encourage action [5]. This could involve working with local daycares, schools, community centers, and other organizations to provide educational resources and programming on the topic [6]. In addition, engaging with local leaders such as elected officials and business leaders can help raise awareness of the issue and encourage the adoption of policies and practices that reduce mercury contamination in drinking water [7].
Finally, leveraging social media and other online platforms can be an effective way to reach a large audience and promote awareness of the issue [8]. This could include creating social media campaigns or developing educational resources that can be shared online [9].
In conclusion, public education and outreach can play a crucial role in addressing the impact of climate change on mercury testing in drinking water. By providing information about the sources of mercury contamination and the potential health and environmental impacts of this contamination, and by engaging with community organizations and leaders and leveraging social media and other online platforms, public education and outreach can help promote awareness of the issue and encourage individuals and communities to take action. It is important for governments, organizations, and individuals to prioritize public education and outreach as a means of addressing the impact of climate change on mercury testing in drinking water.
[1] "Mercury." Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/
[2] "Public Health Outreach and Education." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
[3] "Mercury in Drinking Water." World Health Organization.
[4] "Mercury in Drinking Water: Tips for Consumers." Environmental Protection Agency.
[5] "Community Outreach and Education." Environmental Protection Agency.
[6] "Working with Community Organizations." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
[7] "Working with Local Officials." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
[8] "Social Media and Public Health." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
[9] "Online Outreach and Education." Environmental Protection Agency.
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