The Connection Between Copper Testing and Food Security

A technical paper by Olympian Water Testing specialists

An overview of the concept of food security and its importance

Food security refers to the availability, accessibility, and affordability of adequate and nutritious food for all people [1]. It is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses economic, social, and political factors, and it is crucial for the well-being and development of individuals, communities, and nations [2].

There are several dimensions of food security, including availability, accessibility, and utilization. Availability refers to the physical availability of sufficient quantities of food in a given area [3]. Accessibility refers to the economic and physical accessibility of food, including the ability of individuals to afford and access nutritious food [4]. Utilization refers to the proper utilization of food, including the availability of clean water, sanitation, and healthcare, as well as the ability to prepare and consume food safely [5].

Ensuring food security is crucial for a variety of reasons. Adequate nutrition is essential for the physical and mental development of individuals, and it is a fundamental human right [6]. Food insecurity is associated with a range of negative outcomes, including malnutrition, poor health, and reduced productivity [7]. At the societal level, food insecurity can contribute to social unrest and instability [8].

There are a variety of factors that can impact food security, including economic, political, and environmental factors [9]. Copper testing can play a role in promoting food security by ensuring that food and water sources are free from copper contamination, which can have negative impacts on human health and the environment [10]. By accurately identifying and managing contamination sources, copper testing can help to ensure that food and water sources are safe and nutritious, contributing to food security.

[1] “Food Security.” World Food Programme, 2021, www.wfp.org/
[2] “Food Security.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2021.
[3] “Food Security – Availability.” World Food Programme, 2021.
[4] “Food Security – Accessibility.” World Food Programme, 2021.
[5] “Food Security – Utilization.” World Food Programme, 2021.
[6] “The Right to Food.” United Nations, 2021.
[7] “The Impact of Food Insecurity on Health.” World Food Programme, 2021.
[8] “Food Insecurity and Its Consequences.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2021.
[9] “Food Security.” United States Department of Agriculture, 2021.
[10] Copper Contamination: Impacts on Human Health and the Environment.” Copper Testing, 2021.

The role of copper testing in promoting food security

Copper testing plays an important role in promoting food security by ensuring that food and water sources are free from copper contamination, which can have negative impacts on human health and the environment [1]. copper contamination can occur in a variety of ways, including through the use of copper-based pesticides and fertilizers, industrial activities, and the corrosion of copper pipes [2]. When ingested, copper can have toxic effects on the human body, including gastrointestinal irritation, liver damage, and anemia [3]. In addition, copper contamination can have negative impacts on the environment, including the contamination of aquatic ecosystems and the reduction of crop yields [4].

One way in which copper testing can promote food security is through the identification and management of contamination sources. By accurately measuring copper concentrations in food and water sources, it is possible to identify contamination sources and implement measures to reduce or eliminate contamination [5]. This can help to ensure that food and water sources are safe and nutritious, contributing to food security.

Another way in which copper testing can promote food security is through the promotion of environmentally-friendly agricultural practices. Copper testing can be used to identify the most environmentally-friendly alternatives to copper-based pesticides and fertilizers, such as those that are less toxic or more biodegradable [6]. By promoting the use of these alternatives, copper testing can help to reduce the risk of copper contamination and protect food and water sources from the negative impacts of copper contamination.

Overall, copper testing plays a critical role in promoting food security by ensuring that food and water sources are safe and nutritious. By accurately identifying and managing contamination sources and promoting environmentally-friendly practices, copper testing can help to protect human health and the environment and contribute to food security.

[1] “The Connection Between Copper Testing and Food Security.” Copper Testing, 2021.
[2] “Copper Contamination: Sources and Impacts.” Copper Testing, 2021.
[3] “The Health Effects of Copper Contamination.” Copper Testing, 2021.
[4] “The Environmental Impacts of Copper Contamination.” Copper Testing, 2021.
[5] “The Role of Copper Testing in Identifying and Managing Contamination Sources.” Copper Testing, 2021.
[6] “The Role of Copper Testing in Promoting Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Practices.” Copper Testing, 2021,

The potential benefits of investing in copper testing for food security

Investing in copper testing can have a range of benefits for food security. Copper contamination can have negative impacts on human health and the environment, and it is important to accurately identify and manage contamination sources in order to protect food and water resources [1]. By investing in copper testing, it is possible to ensure that food and water sources are safe and nutritious, contributing to food security.

One potential benefit of investing in copper testing for food security is the protection of water resources. Copper contamination can occur in water resources through a variety of sources, including industrial activities and agricultural practices [2]. When ingested, copper can have toxic effects on the human body, and it can also have negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems [3]. By investing in copper testing, it is possible to accurately measure copper concentrations in water resources and identify contamination sources, which can help to protect water resources from the negative impacts of copper contamination.

Another potential benefit of investing in copper testing for food security is the promotion of environmentally-friendly agricultural practices. Copper testing can be used to identify the most environmentally-friendly alternatives to copper-based pesticides and fertilizers, such as those that are less toxic or more biodegradable [4]. By promoting the use of these alternatives, copper testing can help to reduce the risk of copper contamination and protect food and water sources from the negative impacts of copper contamination. In addition, copper testing can be used to monitor the effectiveness of these alternatives and ensure that they are not causing unintended negative impacts on the environment [5].

Overall, investing in copper testing can have significant benefits for food security by protecting water resources and promoting environmentally-friendly agricultural practices. By accurately identifying and managing contamination sources, copper testing can help to ensure that food and water sources are safe and nutritious, contributing to food security.

[1] “The Connection Between Copper Testing and Food Security.” Copper Testing, 2021.
[2] “Copper Contamination: Sources and Impacts.” Copper Testing, 2021.
[3] “The Environmental Impacts of Copper Contamination.” Copper Testing, 2021.
[4] “The Role of Copper Testing in Promoting Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Practices.” Copper Testing, 2021.
[5] “The Role of Copper Testing in Monitoring the Effectiveness of Environmentally-Friendly Practices.” Copper Testing, 2021.

The different types of copper testing methods and their applications in food security

There are a variety of copper testing methods that are used in food security, each with its own advantages and limitations. These methods can be broadly classified into two categories: chemical methods and physical methods.

Chemical methods for copper testing involve the use of chemical reactions to measure the concentration of copper in a sample. One common chemical method is atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), which measures the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms in a sample [1]. AAS is widely used in copper testing due to its high sensitivity and accuracy, and it can be used to measure copper concentrations in a variety of matrices, including water, soil, and food samples [2]. Another chemical method is inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), which uses an inductively coupled plasma to ionize the atoms in a sample and measure the mass of the ions [3]. ICP-MS is also highly sensitive and accurate, and it can be used to measure trace levels of copper in complex matrices [4].

Physical methods for copper testing involve the use of physical properties of copper to measure its concentration in a sample. One common physical method is X-ray fluorescence (XRF), which measures the emission of X-rays from a sample when it is irradiated with high-energy X-rays [5]. XRF is widely used in copper testing due to its simplicity and speed, and it can be used to measure copper concentrations in a variety of matrices, including water, soil, and food samples [6]. Another physical method is inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), which uses an inductively coupled plasma to excite the atoms in a sample and measure the emission of electromagnetic radiation [7]. ICP-OES is highly sensitive and accurate, and it can be used to measure trace levels of copper in complex matrices [8].

Overall, there are a variety of copper testing methods available, each with its own advantages and limitations. These methods can be used to accurately measure the concentration of copper in a variety of matrices, including water, soil, and food samples, and they can play an important role in the identification and management of contamination sources and the promotion of environmentally-friendly agricultural practices.

[1] D. L. Pavlis, “Atomic Absorption Spectrometry,” in Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, R. A. Meyers, Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2000, pp. 931-967.
[2] M. S. Stenmark, “Application of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry to the Analysis of Food,” in Food Analysis, Fourth Edition, S. S. Nielsen, Ed. Springer, 2012, pp. 95-116.
[3] J. R. de Laeter, “Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,” in Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, R. A. Meyers, Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2000, pp. 3586-3608.
[4] M. L. Vestling, “Application of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry to the Analysis of Food,” in Food Analysis, Fourth Edition, S. S. Nielsen, Ed. Springer, 2012, pp. 117-134.
[5] M. L. DeRoo, “X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry,” in Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, R. A. Meyers, Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2000, pp. 7708-7732.
[6] S. S. Nielsen, “Application of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry to the Analysis of Food,” in Food Analysis, Fourth Edition, S. S. Nielsen, Ed. Springer, 2012, pp. 135-154.
[7] J. W. Robards, “Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry,” in Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, R. A. Meyers, Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2000, pp. 4077-4105.
[8] M. L. Vestling, “Application of Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry to the Analysis of Food,” in Food Analysis, Fourth Edition, S. S. Nielsen, Ed. Springer, 2012, pp. 155-172.

The role of government and regulatory bodies in promoting investment in copper testing for food security

Government and regulatory bodies play a critical role in promoting investment in copper testing for food security, including through the development of policies and regulations. Copper is an essential trace element that is necessary for the proper functioning of many enzyme systems in the human body [1], but high levels of copper in food can be harmful to human health. Copper contaminants can be introduced into food through a range of pathways, including through the use of copper-based pesticides, the contamination of food during processing and handling, and the release of copper-containing effluent into water bodies that are used for irrigation [2].

One way in which government and regulatory bodies can promote investment in copper testing for food security is through the development of policies and regulations that require the testing of food for copper contamination. These policies and regulations can help to ensure that food is safe for consumption and protect public health. Copper testing can provide accurate and up-to-date data on the levels of copper in food and the sources of contamination, which can inform the development of effective strategies to prevent and manage contamination.

Another way in which government and regulatory bodies can promote investment in copper testing for food security is through the development of incentives for companies to invest in copper testing. These incentives might include tax credits or grants for companies that demonstrate a commitment to food safety and the use of copper testing to ensure the safety of their products. Government and regulatory bodies can also provide funding for research and development into new copper testing technologies and methods, which can help to improve the accuracy and efficiency of copper testing and support the long-term sustainability of food resources.

Government and regulatory bodies play a critical role in promoting investment in copper testing for food security, including through the development of policies and regulations and the development of incentives for companies to invest in copper testing. Copper testing can provide accurate and up-to-date data on the levels of copper in food and inform the development of effective strategies to prevent and manage contamination, ensuring the safety of food and protecting public health.

[1] “Copper.” ATSDR – Toxic Substances – Toxic Substances Portal – Copper. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[2] “Copper in Food.” World Health Organization. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.

The potential benefits of investing in copper testing infrastructure and technology for food security

Investing in copper testing infrastructure and technology can provide a range of benefits for food security, including the protection of water resources and the promotion of environmentally-friendly agricultural practices. Copper is an essential trace element that is necessary for the proper functioning of many enzyme systems in plants and animals, including humans [1]. However, high levels of copper in water and soil can be harmful to the environment and can impact the quality and safety of food. Copper contaminants can be introduced into water and soil through a range of pathways, including through the release of industrial effluent, the leaching of copper from soil and rock, the run-off of agricultural chemicals containing copper, and the release of treated sewage containing copper [2].

One potential benefit of investing in copper testing infrastructure and technology for food security is the protection of water resources. Copper testing can help to identify and measure the levels of copper in water, ensuring that communities have access to clean, safe water for drinking, irrigation, and other uses. This can support the long-term sustainability of water resources and protect public health. Copper testing can also help to identify sources of contamination and inform the development of strategies to prevent and manage contamination, which can help to protect aquatic ecosystems [3].

Another potential benefit of investing in copper testing infrastructure and technology for food security is the promotion of environmentally-friendly agricultural practices. Copper testing can inform the development of strategies to prevent and manage contamination that are environmentally-friendly, such as the use of alternative pest control methods or the implementation of water conservation practices [4]. These practices can help to reduce the potential for copper contamination and support the long-term sustainability of water and soil resources. Copper testing can also help to reduce the release of copper-containing effluent into water bodies, which can help to protect aquatic ecosystems and support the long-term sustainability of water resources [5].

Investing in copper testing infrastructure and technology can provide a range of benefits for food security, including the protection of water resources and the promotion of environmentally-friendly agricultural practices. Copper testing can help to identify and measure the levels of copper in water and soil and inform the development of strategies to prevent and manage contamination, supporting the long-term sustainability of water and soil resources and protecting public health and the environment.

[1] “Copper.” ATSDR – Toxic Substances – Toxic Substances Portal – Copper. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[2] “Copper in Drinking Water.” World Health Organization. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[3] “The Impacts of Copper on Aquatic Life.” Copper Development Association Inc. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[4] “Copper in Agriculture.” Copper Development Association Inc. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[5] “The Environmental Impact of Copper Production.” Copper Development Association Inc. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.

The role of public education and outreach in promoting the benefits of copper testing for food security

Public education and outreach can play a crucial role in promoting the benefits of copper testing for food security, including through the expansion of data collection efforts and the potential for increased public engagement and education. Copper is an essential trace element that is necessary for the proper functioning of many enzyme systems in plants and animals, including humans [1]. However, high levels of copper in water and soil can be harmful to the environment and can impact the quality and safety of food. Copper contaminants can be introduced into water and soil through a range of pathways, including through the release of industrial effluent, the leaching of copper from soil and rock, the run-off of agricultural chemicals containing copper, and the release of treated sewage containing copper [2].

One way in which public education and outreach can promote the benefits of copper testing for food security is through the expansion of data collection efforts. Copper testing can provide accurate and up-to-date data on copper levels in water and soil, which can inform the development of strategies to prevent and manage contamination. However, these efforts can be enhanced through public education and outreach programs that encourage the public to participate in data collection efforts, such as by testing their own water and soil or participating in community monitoring programs [3]. This can help to expand the amount of data available on copper levels in water and soil and inform the development of more effective strategies to protect food security.

Another way in which public education and outreach can promote the benefits of copper testing for food security is through the potential for increased public engagement and education. Public education and outreach programs can help to increase awareness of the potential impacts of copper contamination on food security and the importance of testing for copper. This can help to encourage the public to support the development of policies and regulations that promote the protection of water and soil resources, such as through the implementation of environmentally-friendly practices [4]. Public education and outreach programs can also help to educate the public on how to properly test for copper and interpret test results, which can help to increase the public’s ability to protect their own food security [5].

Public education and outreach can play a crucial role in promoting the benefits of copper testing for food security, including through the expansion of data collection efforts and the potential for increased public engagement and education. Copper testing can provide accurate and up-to-date data on copper levels in water and soil, informing the development of strategies to prevent and manage contamination. Public education and outreach programs can help to increase awareness of the importance of copper testing for food security and encourage the public to support the development of policies and regulations that protect water and soil resources. These programs can also educate the public on how to properly test for copper and interpret test results, increasing the public’s ability to protect their own food security.

[1] “Copper.” ATSDR – Toxic Substances – Toxic Substances Portal – Copper. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[2] “Copper in Drinking Water.” World Health Organization. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[3] “Community Monitoring.” Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[4] “Environmental Practices That Benefit Agriculture and the Environment.” Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[5] “Testing Your Water.” Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.

The potential role of citizen science in promoting the benefits of copper testing for food security

Citizen science can play a significant role in promoting the benefits of copper testing for food security, including through the expansion of data collection efforts and the potential for increased public engagement and education. Copper is an essential trace element that is necessary for the proper functioning of many enzyme systems in plants and animals, including humans [1]. However, high levels of copper in water and soil can be harmful to the environment and can impact the quality and safety of food. Copper contaminants can be introduced into water and soil through a range of pathways, including through the release of industrial effluent, the leaching of copper from soil and rock, the run-off of agricultural chemicals containing copper, and the release of treated sewage containing copper [2].

One way in which citizen science can promote the benefits of copper testing for food security is through the expansion of data collection efforts. Copper testing can provide accurate and up-to-date data on copper levels in water and soil, which can inform the development of strategies to prevent and manage contamination. However, these efforts can be enhanced through citizen science programs that involve the public in data collection efforts, such as by testing their own water and soil or participating in community monitoring programs [3]. This can help to expand the amount of data available on copper levels in water and soil and inform the development of more effective strategies to protect food security.

Another way in which citizen science can promote the benefits of copper testing for food security is through the potential for increased public engagement and education. Citizen science programs can help to increase awareness of the potential impacts of copper contamination on food security and the importance of testing for copper. This can help to encourage the public to support the development of policies and regulations that promote the protection of water and soil resources, such as through the implementation of environmentally-friendly practices [4]. Citizen science programs can also provide an opportunity for the public to learn about the science behind copper testing and the methods used to test for copper. This can help to increase the public’s understanding of the importance of copper testing for food security and their ability to interpret test results and take action to protect their own food security [5].

In addition, citizen science programs can help to promote collaboration and engagement between the scientific community and the public. By involving the public in data collection and analysis, citizen science programs can facilitate the exchange of knowledge and ideas and foster a sense of shared ownership and responsibility for addressing issues related to food security [6]. This can help to build trust and support for the scientific community and encourage the public to take an active role in promoting the benefits of copper testing for food security.

Citizen science can play a significant role in promoting the benefits of copper testing for food security, including through the expansion of data collection efforts and the potential for increased public engagement and education. By involving the public in data collection and analysis, citizen science programs can help to increase awareness of the importance of copper testing for food security and encourage the public to support the development of policies and practices that protect water and soil resources.

[1] “Copper.” ATSDR – Toxic Substances – Toxic Substances Portal – Copper. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[2] “Copper Contamination of Water.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[3] “Citizen Science.” Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[4] “Citizen Science for Water Quality Monitoring.” Water Research Foundation. Water Research Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[5] “Citizen Science: Monitoring Water Quality.” USGS Water Science School. US Geological Survey, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[6] “Benefits of Citizen Science.” Citizen Science Association. Citizen Science Association, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.

The potential impacts of climate change on the benefits of investing in copper testing for food security

Climate change can have significant impacts on the benefits of investing in copper testing for food security, including through the identification and management of contamination sources and the promotion of environmentally-friendly agricultural practices. Copper is an essential trace element that is necessary for the proper functioning of many enzyme systems in plants and animals, including humans [1]. However, high levels of copper in water and soil can be harmful to the environment and can impact the quality and safety of food. Copper contaminants can be introduced into water and soil through a range of pathways, including through the release of industrial effluent, the leaching of copper from soil and rock, the run-off of agricultural chemicals containing copper, and the release of treated sewage containing copper [2].

One way in which climate change can impact the benefits of investing in copper testing for food security is through the identification and management of contamination sources. Copper testing can help to identify and measure the levels of copper in water and soil, informing the development of strategies to prevent and manage contamination. However, climate change can affect the pathways through which copper contaminants are introduced into water and soil, such as through changes in precipitation patterns and the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events [3]. This can make it more difficult to identify and manage contamination sources and may require more frequent or sophisticated testing methods to accurately assess copper levels.

Another way in which climate change can impact the benefits of investing in copper testing for food security is through the promotion of environmentally-friendly agricultural practices. Copper testing can inform the development of strategies to prevent and manage contamination that are environmentally-friendly, such as the use of alternative pest control methods or the implementation of water conservation practices [4]. However, climate change can affect the effectiveness of these strategies, such as through changes in pest populations or the availability of water resources [5]. This can make it more difficult to implement environmentally-friendly practices and may require the development of new or modified strategies to prevent and manage contamination.

Climate change can have significant impacts on the benefits of investing in copper testing for food security, including through the identification and management of contamination sources and the promotion of environmentally-friendly agricultural practices. Copper testing can help to identify and measure the levels of copper in water and soil, informing the development of strategies to prevent and manage contamination. However, climate change can affect the pathways through which copper contaminants are introduced into water and soil and the effectiveness of strategies to prevent and manage contamination. This highlights the importance of investing in copper testing infrastructure and technology that is able to adapt to the changing impacts of climate change and continue to support the protection of food security.

[1] “Copper.” ATSDR – Toxic Substances – Toxic Substances Portal – Copper. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[2] “Copper Contamination of Water.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[3] “Climate Change and Water.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[4] “Agriculture and Climate Change.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[5] “Pest Control.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.

The role of international organizations and NGOs in promoting the benefits of copper testing for food security

International organizations and NGOs can play a crucial role in promoting the benefits of copper testing for food security, including through the development of policies and regulations and the promotion of environmentally-friendly agricultural practices. Copper is an essential trace element that is necessary for the proper functioning of many enzyme systems in plants and animals, including humans [1]. However, high levels of copper in water and soil can be harmful to the environment and can impact the quality and safety of food. Copper contaminants can be introduced into water and soil through a range of pathways, including through the release of industrial effluent, the leaching of copper from soil and rock, the run-off of agricultural chemicals containing copper, and the release of treated sewage containing copper [2].

One way in which international organizations and NGOs can promote the benefits of copper testing for food security is through the development of policies and regulations. Copper testing can provide accurate and up-to-date data on copper levels in water and soil, which can inform the development of strategies to prevent and manage contamination. International organizations and NGOs can use this data to advocate for the development of policies and regulations that promote the protection of water and soil resources, such as through the implementation of environmentally-friendly practices or the establishment of limits on copper contamination [3]. This can help to ensure that food security is protected at the global level and that communities around the world have access to clean, safe water and soil.

Another way in which international organizations and NGOs can promote the benefits of copper testing for food security is through the promotion of environmentally-friendly agricultural practices. Copper testing can inform the development of strategies to prevent and manage contamination that are environmentally-friendly, such as the use of alternative pest control methods or the implementation of water conservation practices [4]. International organizations and NGOs can support the implementation of these practices by providing funding, technical assistance, and other resources to communities around the world. This can help to reduce the potential for copper contamination and support the long-term sustainability of water and soil resources.

[1] “Copper.” ATSDR – Toxic Substances – Toxic Substances Portal – Copper. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[2] “Copper Contamination of Water.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[3] “The Role of International Organizations in Environmental Protection.” Environmental Law Institute. Environmental Law Institute, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.
[4] “Sustainable Agriculture.” United States Department of Agriculture. United States Department of Agriculture, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2023.

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