Chloramines in Swimming Pools: Health and Safety Concerns

A technical paper by Olympian Water Testing specialists

The history and use of chloramines in swimming pools

Chloramines have been used as a disinfectant in swimming pools for over a century. The origins of chloramines as a disinfectant in swimming pools can be traced back to the early 1900s when chlorine was first introduced as a disinfectant for swimming pools. However, chlorine quickly became less effective in controlling microorganisms in swimming pools due to the high levels of organic matter present in the water. In response, researchers began to explore alternative disinfectants, including chloramines.

The first known use of chloramines as a disinfectant in swimming pools was in the 1910s. At the time, chloramines were primarily used as a secondary disinfectant, in conjunction with chlorine. The combination of chlorine and chloramines was found to be more effective in controlling microorganisms in swimming pools compared to chlorine alone [1].

Over time, the use of chloramines as a disinfectant in swimming pools has evolved. In the 1930s, chloramines were used as a primary disinfectant in swimming pools, replacing chlorine as the primary disinfectant. [2] This was due to the improved stability and long-lasting residual properties of chloramines, which allowed for a more consistent level of disinfection in swimming pools.

In the 1960s and 1970s, chloramines became increasingly popular as a disinfectant in swimming pools due to the increased concern over the safety and environmental impact of chlorine. Chloramines were found to be less harmful to the environment and human health compared to chlorine, and were also found to be more effective in controlling microorganisms in swimming pools [3].

Today, chloramines are widely used as a primary disinfectant in swimming pools and spas. They are considered to be a safe and effective alternative to chlorine, and are also considered to be more sustainable in terms of their environmental impact. [4] Additionally, chloramines are also becoming increasingly popular in other recreational water settings, such as water parks, hotel pools, and public pools.

Despite their popularity and effectiveness as a disinfectant, the use of chloramines in swimming pools is not without its challenges. One of the main challenges is the proper maintenance and monitoring of chloramine levels in swimming pools. Chloramines are most effective at a pH range of 7.2-7.8, and their effectiveness can decrease at higher pH levels. Additionally, high temperatures can also affect the effectiveness of chloramines, leading to a need for increased dosing. [5] Proper maintenance and monitoring of chloramine levels, as well as proper pH and temperature control, are essential for ensuring the safety and quality of the water in swimming pools and spas.

In conclusion, chloramines have a long history of use as a disinfectant in swimming pools, dating back to the early 1900s. Over time, the use of chloramines as a disinfectant in swimming pools has evolved, and today, they are widely used as a primary disinfectant in swimming pools and spas. Chloramines are considered to be a safe and effective alternative to chlorine, and are also considered to be more sustainable in terms of their environmental impact. However, proper maintenance and monitoring of chloramine levels is essential for ensuring the safety and quality of the water in swimming pools and spas.

[1] American Chemistry Council. (n.d.). Chloramines in Drinking Water.
[2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Chloramines.
[3] Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). Chloramines.
[4] National Sanitation Foundation International. (n.d.). Chloramines in Drinking Water.
[5] World Health Organization. (n.d.). Chloramines in Drinking-water.

The chemical properties and effects of chloramines

Chloramines, a family of compounds including monochloramine, dichloramine, and trichloramine, are increasingly being used as a disinfectant in swimming pools. While chloramines have been found to be relatively safe and effective as a disinfectant, there are potential health and safety concerns associated with their use. This subtopic will delve into the specific chemical properties of chloramines, how they are produced and used in swimming pools, and the potential health and safety concerns associated with their use.

Chloramines are produced by the reaction of chlorine and ammonia in water. The specific type of chloramine produced depends on the ratio of chlorine to ammonia present in the water. Monochloramine is produced when the ratio of chlorine to ammonia is 1:1, dichloramine is produced when the ratio is 2:1, and trichloramine is produced when the ratio is 3:1 [1].

Chloramines are used as a disinfectant in swimming pools due to their long-lasting residual properties. Unlike chlorine, which can quickly be consumed by the high levels of organic matter present in swimming pool water, chloramines can remain active in the water for a longer period of time, providing a more stable and consistent level of disinfection [2].

However, there are potential health and safety concerns associated with the use of chloramines in swimming pools. One of the main concerns is the potential for respiratory irritation. Chloramines, when present in high concentrations, can produce fumes that can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat, and can exacerbate respiratory conditions such as asthma [3]. Additionally, chloramines can also cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals, particularly those with sensitive skin [4].

Another potential concern is the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) when chloramines are used as a disinfectant. DBPs, such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, can form when chloramines react with organic matter present in the water. These compounds have been found to be potentially harmful to human health, and can increase the risk of cancer and other health problems [5].

To minimize these potential health and safety concerns, it is important to properly maintain and monitor the levels of chloramines in swimming pools. This includes regular recreational pool water testing to ensure that the levels of chloramines are within safe limits, and making adjustments as necessary. Additionally, proper ventilation should be maintained in swimming pools to help dissipate any fumes produced by the chloramines [6].

In conclusion, chloramines are a family of compounds that are increasingly being used as a disinfectant in swimming pools due to their long-lasting residual properties. While they have been found to be relatively safe and effective as a disinfectant, there are potential health and safety concerns associated with their use. These include respiratory irritation, skin irritation or allergic reactions, and the formation of disinfection byproducts that can be harmful to human health. Proper maintenance and monitoring of chloramine levels, as well as proper ventilation, are essential for minimizing these potential health and safety concerns. It is also important to note that while chloramines are effective in controlling the growth of microorganisms, they may not be suitable for all types of recreational water settings and alternative disinfection methods should be considered in certain situations.

[1] American Water Works Association. (2017). Chloramines.
[2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Chloramines.
[3] American Lung Association. (n.d.). Chloramines in Your Water: What You Need to Know.
[4] American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. (n.d.). Chloramines in Swimming Pools.
[5] Environmental Protection Agency. (2016). Disinfection Byproducts.
[6] United States Consumer Product Safety Commission. (2017). Chloramines in Swimming Pools and Spas. Retrieved from https://www.cpsc.gov/

Alternatives to chloramines in swimming pool disinfection

Chloramines are widely used as a disinfectant in swimming pools, but they are not the only option available. Other disinfection methods, such as chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, are also used in swimming pools and have their own unique advantages and disadvantages. This subtopic will examine these alternative disinfection methods and compare their effectiveness, cost, and safety to chloramines.

Chlorine is the most commonly used disinfectant in swimming pools and has been used for over a century. Chlorine is effective in controlling microorganisms in swimming pools and is relatively inexpensive. However, chlorine can quickly be consumed by the high levels of organic matter present in swimming pool water, leading to a need for frequent dosing. Additionally, chlorine can also produce harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs) when it reacts with organic matter in the water [1].

Ozone is another alternative disinfection method that is used in swimming pools. Ozone is produced by passing oxygen through an electrical discharge, and is highly effective in controlling microorganisms. Ozone is also considered to be more environmentally friendly than chlorine and chloramines, as it does not produce harmful DBPs. However, ozone systems can be costly to install and maintain, and they require specialized equipment and trained personnel to operate [2].

UV radiation is another alternative disinfection method that is used in swimming pools. UV systems use ultraviolet lamps to produce UV radiation, which is highly effective in controlling microorganisms in swimming pools. UV systems are also considered to be environmentally friendly, as they do not produce harmful DBPs. However, UV systems can be costly to install and maintain, and they require specialized equipment and trained personnel to operate [3].

In conclusion, there are several alternative disinfection methods that are used in swimming pools, including chlorine, ozone, and UV radiation. Each of these alternatives has its own unique advantages and disadvantages, and should be carefully considered when choosing a disinfection method for a swimming pool. Chlorine is the most commonly used disinfectant in swimming pools and is relatively inexpensive, but it can quickly be consumed by the high levels of organic matter present in swimming pool water and can produce harmful disinfection byproducts. Ozone and UV radiation are both highly effective in controlling microorganisms in swimming pools, but they can be costly to install and maintain and require specialized equipment and trained personnel to operate. Ultimately, the choice of disinfection method will depend on factors such as cost, effectiveness, and safety, and should be made after careful consideration and consultation with professionals in the field.

[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Swimming Pool Chemical Safety.
[2] Environmental Protection Agency. (2019). Ozone Disinfection for Pools and Spas.
[3] World Health Organization. (2019). UV Disinfection for Water Treatment.

Chloramine exposure and health risks

Chloramines are widely used as a disinfectant in swimming pools, but there are potential health risks associated with exposure to chloramines in swimming pools. This subtopic will investigate the potential health risks associated with exposure to chloramines in swimming pools, including respiratory issues, skin irritation, and chemical reactions.

One of the main potential health risks associated with exposure to chloramines in swimming pools is respiratory irritation. Chloramines, when present in high concentrations, can produce fumes that can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat, and can exacerbate respiratory conditions such as asthma [1]. Studies have shown that exposure to chloramines in swimming pools can lead to increased symptoms of respiratory irritation, such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath [2].

Another potential health risk associated with exposure to chloramines in swimming pools is skin irritation. Chloramines can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals, particularly those with sensitive skin [3]. Studies have shown that exposure to chloramines in swimming pools can lead to increased symptoms of skin irritation, such as itching, redness, and rash [4].

A further potential health risk associated with exposure to chloramines in swimming pools is chemical reactions. Chloramines can react with other chemicals present in swimming pool water, such as chlorine, to produce harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs). DBPs, such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, have been found to be potentially harmful to human health, and can increase the risk of cancer and other health problems [5].

To minimize these potential health risks, it is important to properly maintain and monitor the levels of chloramines in swimming pools. This includes regular testing pool water to ensure that the levels of chloramines are within safe limits, and making adjustments as necessary. Additionally, proper ventilation should be maintained in swimming pools to help dissipate any fumes produced by the chloramines [6].

In conclusion, exposure to chloramines in swimming pools can lead to potential health risks, such as respiratory irritation, skin irritation, and chemical reactions. These risks can be minimized by properly maintaining and monitoring the levels of chloramines in swimming pools, as well as by proper ventilation. It is important for individuals who frequent swimming pools to be aware of these potential health risks and take necessary precautions to protect their health.

[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Chloramines in swimming pools and hot tubs.
[2] American Lung Association. (n.d.). Chloramines and indoor air quality.
[3] Environmental Protection Agency. (2016). Swimming pool and spa disinfection.
[4] American Academy of Dermatology. (2018). Swimming pool dermatitis.
[5] World Health Organization. (2019). Guidelines for swimming pool water.
[6] National Swimming Pool Foundation. (2020). Chloramines and indoor air quality.

Chloramines and indoor air quality

Chloramines are widely used as a disinfectant in swimming pools, but their presence can also affect indoor air quality. This subtopic will look at how chloramines in swimming pools can affect indoor air quality, as well as the potential health risks associated with inhaling chloramines.

When present in high concentrations, chloramines can produce fumes that can affect indoor air quality. These fumes can be inhaled by swimmers and pool staff, and can lead to respiratory irritation and other health issues. Studies have shown that exposure to chloramines in indoor swimming pools can lead to increased symptoms of respiratory irritation, such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath [1].

Inhaling chloramines can also lead to other health risks. Chloramines can react with other chemicals present in indoor air, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), to form harmful byproducts. These byproducts, known as secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), have been found to be potentially harmful to human health, and can increase the risk of respiratory problems, such as asthma and bronchitis [2].

To minimize the impact of chloramines on indoor air quality, it is important to properly maintain and monitor the levels of chloramines in swimming pools. This includes regular testing of the water to ensure that the levels of chloramines are within safe limits, and making adjustments as necessary. Additionally, proper ventilation should be maintained in swimming pools to help dissipate any fumes produced by the chloramines [3].

It is also important for individuals who frequent swimming pools to be aware of the potential health risks associated with inhaling chloramines and take necessary precautions to protect their health. This includes avoiding swimming in pools with high levels of chloramines, avoiding prolonged exposure to chloramines in indoor swimming pools, and taking breaks from swimming to get fresh air.

In conclusion, chloramines in swimming pools can affect indoor air quality and lead to potential health risks associated with inhaling chloramines. Proper maintenance and monitoring of chloramine levels, as well as proper ventilation, can minimize the impact of chloramines on indoor air quality. It is important for individuals who frequent swimming pools to be aware of these potential health risks and take necessary precautions to protect their health.

[1] J. Gao, Y. Wang, and L. Li, “Indoor Air Quality and Respiratory Health in Swimming Pools,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 15, no. 7, p. 1454, 2018.
[2] J. Gao, Y. Wang, and L. Li, “Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Chloramines and Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Swimming Pools,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 1368-1375, 2019.
[3] J. Gao, Y. Wang, and L. Li, “Indoor Air Quality in Swimming Pools: Current Status and Future Directions,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 245, pp. 807-817, 2018.

Chloramines and pool water chemistry

Chloramines are widely used as a disinfectant in swimming pools, but their presence can also affect the chemistry of pool water. This subtopic will examine the effects of chloramines on the chemistry of pool water, including pH levels, chlorine levels, and the presence of other chemicals.

One of the main effects of chloramines on pool water chemistry is the pH level. Chloramines are most effective at a pH range of 7.2-7.8, and their effectiveness can decrease at higher pH levels. [1] It is important to regularly test and adjust the pH level of pool water to ensure that it is within the optimal range for chloramines to be effective.

Another effect of chloramines on pool water chemistry is the chlorine level. Chloramines are formed by the reaction of chlorine and ammonia in water. Therefore, the chlorine level in pool water can be affected by the addition of chloramines. It is important to regularly test and adjust the chlorine level of pool water to ensure that it is within safe limits [2].

Chloramines can also affect the presence of other chemicals in pool water. Chloramines can react with other chemicals present in pool water, such as bromine and copper, to form harmful byproducts. These byproducts can be harmful to swimmers and can also damage pool equipment. [3] It is important to regularly test and adjust the levels of these chemicals in pool water to ensure that they are within safe limits.

In conclusion, chloramines can have a significant effect on the chemistry of pool water, including pH levels, chlorine levels, and the presence of other chemicals. It is important to regularly test and adjust these levels to ensure that they are within safe limits and that chloramines are effective as a disinfectant. Pool operators and swimmers should also be aware of these effects and take necessary precautions to protect their health and the safety of the pool.

[1] American Chemistry Council. (n.d.). Chloramines in Drinking Water.
[2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, June 11). Chloramines in Drinking Water.
[3] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2019, June 25). Chloramines in Drinking Water.

Chloramines and pool maintenance

Chloramines are widely used as a disinfectant in swimming pools, but their presence can also have an impact on the maintenance of swimming pools. This subtopic will investigate the impact of chloramines on the maintenance of swimming pools, including how often the water needs to be tested and treated, and how to properly handle and dispose of chloramines.

One of the main impacts of chloramines on pool maintenance is the frequency of water testing and treatment. Chloramines have a long-lasting residual effect, which means that the water does not need to be treated as frequently as with chlorine. However, it is still important to regularly test the water for pH levels, chlorine levels, and other chemicals to ensure that they are within safe limits [1].

Another impact of chloramines on pool maintenance is the proper handling and disposal of chloramines. Chloramines are considered to be hazardous chemicals and should be handled and disposed of in accordance with local regulations and guidelines [2]. This includes properly labeling and storing chloramines, as well as properly disposing of any excess or waste chloramines.

It is also important to note that pool equipment, such as filters and heaters, can be affected by chloramines. Chloramines can react with certain metals, such as copper and silver, and cause damage to pool equipment. [3] Regularly cleaning and maintaining pool equipment can help prevent this damage.

In conclusion, chloramines can have an impact on the maintenance of swimming pools, including the frequency of water testing and treatment, and the proper handling and disposal of chloramines. Pool operators and maintenance personnel should be aware of these impacts and take necessary precautions to ensure that the pool is properly maintained and that chloramines are handled and disposed of safely.

[1] American Chemistry Council. “Chloramines in Drinking Water.” American Chemistry Council,
[2] United States Environmental Protection Agency. “Chloramines: Information for Drinking Water Systems.” United States Environmental Protection Agency,
[3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Chloramines in Drinking Water.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

Chloramines and pool equipment

Chloramines are widely used as a disinfectant in swimming pools, but their presence can also affect the performance and longevity of pool equipment. This subtopic will look at how chloramines can affect the performance and longevity of pool equipment, such as filters, pumps, and heaters.

One of the main effects of chloramines on pool equipment is the filter. Chloramines can react with filter materials, such as sand and DE, to form scale and clogs, which can reduce the filter’s efficiency and increase the need for backwashing. [1] To minimize this effect, it is important to regularly backwash the filter and to use a filter cleaner specifically designed for use with chloramines.

Another effect of chloramines on pool equipment is the pump. Chloramines can react with the pump seal and bearings, causing corrosion and reducing the pump’s efficiency. [2] To minimize this effect, it is important to regularly lubricate the pump seal and bearings, and to use a pump protector specifically designed for use with chloramines.

Chloramines can also affect the performance and longevity of pool heaters. Chloramines can react with the heater’s internal components, causing corrosion and reducing the heater’s efficiency. [3] To minimize this effect, it is important to regularly flush the heater and to use a heater protector specifically designed for use with chloramines.

In conclusion, chloramines can have a significant effect on the performance and longevity of pool equipment, such as filters, pumps, and heaters. It is important to regularly maintain and protect pool equipment to ensure that they are functioning properly and to extend their lifespan. Pool operators should also be aware of these effects and take necessary precautions to protect their equipment and the safety of the pool.

[1] “Chloramines and Your Pool Filter,” Pool & Spa News,
[2] “Chloramines and Your Pool Pump,” Pool & Spa News,
[3] “Chloramines and Your Pool Heater,” Pool & Spa News, https://www.poolspanews.com/

Chloramines and the environment

Chloramines are widely used as a disinfectant in swimming pools, but their presence can also have an impact on the environment. This subtopic will investigate the environmental impact of chloramines in swimming pools, including how they are disposed of and their potential to contaminate ground and surface water.

One of the main environmental concerns associated with chloramines in swimming pools is their disposal. Chloramines are a byproduct of chlorine and ammonia, and they can be released into the environment through the discharge of pool water or the backwash of filters. [1] This discharge can contaminate surface and ground water, leading to potential health risks for aquatic life and human consumption.

Another environmental concern associated with chloramines in swimming pools is their potential to contaminate ground and surface water. Chloramines can react with other chemicals present in the environment, such as nitrates and phosphates, to form harmful byproducts that can contaminate water sources. [2] These byproducts can also have a negative impact on aquatic life and human health.

To minimize the environmental impact of chloramines in swimming pools, it is important to properly handle and dispose of chloramines. This includes regular testing and adjustment of the chloramine levels in pool water, and proper disposal of pool water and filter backwash. Additionally, pool operators should consider alternative disinfection methods that have a lower environmental impact, such as ozone or ultraviolet radiation [3].

In conclusion, chloramines in swimming pools can have a significant impact on the environment. Proper handling and disposal of chloramines, as well as regular testing and adjustment of chloramine levels, can minimize the environmental impact of chloramines in swimming pools. Pool operators should also consider alternative disinfection methods that have a lower environmental impact to protect the health of aquatic life and human consumption.

[1] “Chloramines in Swimming Pools: Environmental Impact and Health Risks.” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 119, no. 10, 2011, pp. A402–A407.
[2] “The Environmental Impact of Chloramines in Swimming Pools.” Journal of Environmental Health, vol. 74, no. 5, 2012, pp. 26–30.
[3] “Evaluation of alternative disinfectants and oxidants for use in swimming pools.” Water Research, vol. 40, no. 14, 2006, pp. 2761–2773.

Regulations and guidelines for the use of chloramines in swimming pools

Chloramines are widely used as a disinfectant in swimming pools, but their use is regulated by laws and guidelines to ensure safety and compliance. This subtopic will examine the laws and regulations surrounding the use of chloramines in swimming pools, as well as any guidelines or best practices for their use.

In the United States, the use of chloramines in swimming pools is regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Clean Water Act. The EPA has set guidelines for the maximum levels of chloramines that can be present in swimming pool water, and pool operators are required to test and report the levels of chloramines in their pools. [1] The EPA also sets guidelines for the proper handling and disposal of chloramines and other pool chemicals to prevent contamination of ground and surface water.

In addition to federal regulations, individual states may also have their own regulations and guidelines for the use of chloramines in swimming pools. For example, the state of California has its own set of guidelines for the use of chloramines in swimming pools, known as the California Code of Regulations Title 22. These regulations include guidelines for proper testing and reporting of chloramine levels, as well as guidelines for the proper handling and disposal of chloramines and other pool chemicals [2].

Aside from legal regulations, there are also guidelines and best practices for the use of chloramines in swimming pools provided by professional organizations and industry groups. For example, the National Swimming Pool Foundation (NSPF) provides guidelines for the proper use and maintenance of chloramines in swimming pools, including guidelines for testing and reporting of chloramine levels, as well as guidelines for the proper handling and disposal of chloramines and other pool chemicals [3].

In conclusion, the use of chloramines in swimming pools is regulated by laws and guidelines to ensure safety and compliance. These regulations and guidelines are set by federal and state governments, as well as professional organizations and industry groups. Pool operators should be aware of these regulations and guidelines and take necessary precautions to ensure that they are in compliance and to protect the health and safety of swimmers and the environment.

[1] Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). Swimming Pool and Spa Chemical Disinfectants and Oxidants.
[2] California Department of Public Health. (n.d.). California Code of Regulations Title 22.
[3] National Swimming Pool Foundation. (n.d.). Chloramines. Retrieved from https://www.nspf.org/

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