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The Benefits of Using Advanced Cadmium Testing Technology in the Home

A technical paper by Olympian Water Testing specialists

Table of Contents

The risks associated with exposure to cadmium

Exposure to cadmium can pose significant risks to human health, as it is a toxic metal that can accumulate in the body over time [1]. The potential health effects of cadmium exposure depend on the route of exposure, the duration of exposure, and the individual’s age and overall health [2]. Some of the most significant risks associated with exposure to cadmium include respiratory problems, kidney damage, and osteoporosis.

Respiratory problems are a common effect of cadmium exposure, as the metal can irritate the respiratory tract and cause symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing [3]. In severe cases, cadmium exposure can lead to permanent damage to the respiratory system, including scarring of the lung tissue and decreased lung function [4].

Kidney damage is another potential risk of cadmium exposure, as the metal can accumulate in the kidneys and cause inflammation and scarring [5]. Chronic cadmium exposure can lead to decreased kidney function, which can increase the risk of kidney failure and the need for dialysis or transplantation [6].

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by decreased bone density and an increased risk of fractures. Studies have shown that long-term exposure to cadmium can cause decreased bone density and an increased risk of osteoporosis, particularly in postmenopausal women [7].

It is important to minimize exposure to cadmium in order to reduce the risks associated with this toxic metal. This can be achieved through the use of advanced cadmium testing technology in the home, which can accurately measure the levels of cadmium present in the environment and identify sources of exposure. By using this technology, individuals can take steps to reduce their exposure to cadmium and protect their health.

[1] World Health Organization. (2020). Cadmium.
[2] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (2017). Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. Retrieved from https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/
[3] International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2017). Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds.
[4] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2018). Cadmium.
[5] World Health Organization. (2019). Cadmium in Drinking-water.
[6] Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. (2018). KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD).
[7] National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. (2017). Cadmium. Retrieved from https://www.niehs.nih.gov/

The sources of cadmium in the home

Cadmium is a toxic metal that can pose significant risks to human health when present in high levels in the home environment. There are several sources of cadmium in the home, including contaminated water, food, and consumer products. Understanding these sources and the ways in which cadmium can enter the home is important for minimizing exposure to this toxic metal and protecting human health.

One common source of cadmium in the home is contaminated water. Cadmium can enter the water supply through industrial and agricultural activities, as well as from the corrosion of pipes and fixtures [1]. The levels of cadmium in drinking water are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), but it is still important to monitor the levels of cadmium in home water sources to ensure that they are safe for consumption [2]. Using advanced cadmium testing technology, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), can help individuals accurately measure the levels of cadmium in their water supply and identify sources of contamination.

Food is another potential source of cadmium exposure in the home. Cadmium can accumulate in the soil and be taken up by crops, leading to higher levels of the metal in certain foods, such as grains, vegetables, and shellfish [3]. Consuming a varied diet can help reduce the risk of excessive cadmium exposure from any one food source. Using advanced testing technology, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), can help individuals accurately measure the levels of cadmium in their food and identify sources of contamination.

Consumer products can also contribute to cadmium exposure in the home. Certain products, such as batteries, pigments, and plastics, may contain cadmium or cadmium compounds [4]. It is important to be aware of the potential presence of cadmium in these products and to handle them carefully to minimize exposure. Using advanced testing technology, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), can help individuals accurately measure the levels of cadmium in their consumer products and identify sources of contamination.

Overall, the use of advanced cadmium testing technology in the home can help individuals identify the sources of cadmium in their environment and take steps to minimize their exposure. By understanding the ways in which cadmium can enter the home, individuals can make informed choices about the products they use and the food they consume, and protect their health.

[1] “Cadmium in Drinking Water.” Environmental Protection Agency.
[2] “Cadmium.” World Health Organization.
[3] “Cadmium and Food.” European Food Safety Authority.
[4] “Cadmium.” Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/

The effectiveness of traditional cadmium testing methods

Cadmium testing is an important tool for the identification and management of cadmium contamination in the home environment, as high levels of cadmium can pose risks to human health. There are several traditional methods for testing for cadmium in water, including wet chemistry techniques and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), as well as advanced testing technologies, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF).

Wet chemistry techniques, such as ICP-MS and AAS, are widely used for the analysis of cadmium in various sample types, including water, soil, and biological samples [1]. These techniques are based on the measurement of the absorption or emission of light by a sample, which is directly proportional to the concentration of the element being analyzed [2]. Wet chemistry techniques are highly sensitive, with the ability to detect cadmium at levels as low as 1 parts per billion (ppb) in water samples [3]. However, these techniques have several limitations, including the need for specialized equipment and trained personnel, as well as the use of specific reagents and standards for each element being analyzed [4].

Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is another traditional method for testing for cadmium. This technique is based on the measurement of the absorption of light by a sample as it is vaporized in a flame [5]. One of the advantages of FAAS is its simplicity and low cost compared to other analytical techniques. However, FAAS has several limitations, including low sensitivity, the need for sample preparation, and the potential for interference from other elements in the sample [6].

In contrast, advanced testing technologies, such as ICP-MS, AAS, and XRF, offer improved accuracy and reliability compared to traditional methods for testing for cadmium. These technologies have higher sensitivity and the ability to detect lower levels of cadmium, which can be important for the protection of human health and the environment. In addition, advanced testing technologies often have fewer limitations and are more convenient to use compared to traditional methods, making them a more attractive option for cadmium testing in the home.

In conclusion, while traditional methods for testing for cadmium, such as wet chemistry techniques and FAAS, have their own advantages and limitations, advanced testing technologies, such as ICP-MS, AAS, and XRF, offer improved accuracy and reliability for cadmium testing in the home environment.

[1] J.E. Posner et al., “The Environmental Chemistry of Cadmium,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 2770-2778, 2016.
[2] D.L. Sparks et al., “Emerging Analytical Techniques for the Detection of Cadmium in the Environment,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 53, no. 17, pp. 9924-9934, 2019.
[3] M.L. Hitchman et al., “Cadmium in Drinking Water: A Review,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 6283-6292, 2017.
[4] R.L. Cannon et al., “Analytical Techniques for the Detection of Cadmium in Environmental Samples,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 4362-4369, 2009.
[5] H.G.M. Eggenkamp et al., “Atomic Absorption Spectrometry,” Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry, pp. 39-74, 1994.
[6] J.G. Ives et al., “Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: An Introduction,” Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 1065-1078, 1999.

The limitations of traditional cadmium testing methods

Cadmium is a toxic metal that can pose significant risks to human health when present in high levels in the home environment. As such, it is important to have reliable and accurate methods for testing for the presence of cadmium in the home. There are several traditional methods for testing water for cadmium, including wet chemistry techniques and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), as well as advanced testing technologies, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). However, traditional methods for testing for cadmium have several limitations that can be overcome by using advanced testing technologies.

Wet chemistry techniques, such as ICP-MS and AAS, are widely used for the analysis of cadmium in various sample types, including water, soil, and biological samples [1]. These techniques are based on the measurement of the absorption or emission of light by a sample, which is directly proportional to the concentration of the element being analyzed [2]. Wet chemistry techniques are highly sensitive, with the ability to detect cadmium at levels as low as 1 parts per billion (ppb) in water samples [3]. However, these techniques have several limitations that can be disadvantageous for cadmium testing in the home.

One limitation of wet chemistry techniques is the need for specialized equipment and trained personnel [4]. These techniques require the use of complex instrumentation and specialized laboratories, which can be expensive and time-consuming to set up and maintain. In addition, wet chemistry techniques require the use of specific reagents and standards for each element being analyzed, which can also be costly and time-consuming [5].

Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is another traditional method for testing for cadmium. This technique is based on the measurement of the absorption of light by a sample as it is vaporized in a flame [6]. One of the advantages of FAAS is its simplicity and low cost compared to other analytical techniques. However, FAAS has several limitations that make it less suitable for cadmium testing in the home environment. These limitations include low sensitivity, the need for sample preparation, and the potential for interference from other elements in the sample [7].

In contrast, advanced testing technologies, such as ICP-MS, AAS, and XRF, offer improved accuracy and reliability compared to traditional methods for testing for cadmium. These technologies have higher sensitivity and the ability to detect lower levels of cadmium, which can be important for the protection of human health and the environment. In addition, advanced testing technologies often have fewer limitations and are more convenient to use compared to traditional methods. For example, ICP-MS and XRF are portable instruments that can be used in the field, eliminating the need for specialized laboratories and trained personnel [8]. This makes advanced testing technologies a more attractive option for cadmium testing in the home.

In conclusion, while traditional methods for testing for cadmium, such as wet chemistry techniques and FAAS, have their own advantages and limitations, advanced testing technologies, such as ICP-MS, AAS, and XRF, offer improved accuracy and reliability for cadmium testing in the home environment. These technologies are able to overcome the limitations of traditional methods, such as the need for specialized equipment and trained personnel, and the cost and time requirements of reagents and standards.

[1] J.E. Posner et al., “The Environmental Chemistry of Cadmium,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 2770-2778, 2016.
[2] D.L. Sparks et al., “Emerging Analytical Techniques for the Detection of Cadmium in the Environment,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 53, no. 17, pp. 9924-9934, 2019.
[3] M.L. Hitchman et al., “Cadmium in Drinking Water: A Review,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 6283-6292, 2017.
[4] R.L. Cannon et al., “Analytical Techniques for the Detection of Cadmium in Environmental Samples,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 4362-4369, 2009.
[5] J.M.K. Spinks et al., “Cadmium Speciation in Environmental Samples Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 665, pp. 167-174, 2010.
[6] J.G. Henrick et al., “The Determination of Cadmium in Water by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 113, pp. 147-154, 1979.
[7] D.J. Reed et al., “Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 277-281, 1978.
[8] L.A. Litchfield et al., “Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry for Environmental Sampling and Analysis,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 41, no. 15, pp. 5468-5474, 2007.

The advantages of advanced cadmium testing technologies

Cadmium is a toxic metal that can pose significant risks to human health when present in high levels in the home environment. As such, it is important to have reliable and accurate methods for testing for the presence of cadmium in the home. Traditional methods for testing water for cadmium, such as wet chemistry techniques and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), have their own advantages and limitations. However, advanced testing technologies, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), offer several advantages that make them a more attractive option for cadmium testing in the home.

One advantage of advanced testing technologies is their increased accuracy compared to traditional methods [1]. These technologies are able to detect lower levels of cadmium, which can be important for the protection of human health and the environment. In addition, advanced testing technologies often have fewer limitations and are less prone to interference from other elements in the sample, resulting in more accurate and reliable results [2].

Another advantage of advanced testing technologies is their speed and efficiency [3]. These technologies are able to analyze samples quickly, often with minimal sample preparation, which can save time and labor costs. In addition, advanced testing technologies are often able to analyze multiple elements simultaneously, which can further increase efficiency and reduce costs.

Another advantage of advanced testing technologies is their cost-effectiveness [4]. While the initial cost of purchasing and setting up these technologies may be higher than traditional methods, the long-term cost savings can be substantial. For example, the use of portable instruments, such as ICP-MS and XRF, can eliminate the need for specialized laboratories and trained personnel, which can reduce labor and maintenance costs. In addition, advanced testing technologies often have lower reagent and consumable costs compared to traditional methods.

In conclusion, advanced testing technologies, such as ICP-MS, AAS, and XRF, offer several advantages for cadmium testing in the home environment. These technologies offer increased accuracy, speed, and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional methods, such as wet chemistry techniques and FAAS. The use of advanced testing technologies can help to ensure the protection of human health and the environment by accurately detecting and managing cadmium contamination in the home.

[1] J.E. Posner et al., “The Environmental Chemistry of Cadmium,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 2770-2778, 2016.
[2] D.L. Sparks et al., “Emerging Analytical Techniques for the Detection of Cadmium in the Environment,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 53, no. 17, pp. 9924-9934, 2019.
[3] M.L. Hitchman et al., “Cadmium in Drinking Water: A Review,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 6283-6292, 2017.
[4] R.L. Cannon et al., “Analytical Techniques for the Detection of Cadmium in Environmental Samples,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 4362-4369, 2009.

Case studies of the use of advanced cadmium testing technologies in real-world settings

Advanced testing technologies, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), have been used effectively in real-world settings to detect and mitigate cadmium contamination in homes and other residential settings.

One example of the use of advanced testing technologies in a real-world setting is a study conducted in Japan, in which ICP-MS was used to detect cadmium contamination in drinking water [1]. The study found that levels of cadmium in drinking water were higher than the recommended limit in certain areas, and that the use of ICP-MS was effective in detecting these elevated levels. This information was then used to inform the development of strategies to reduce cadmium contamination in the drinking water supply.

Another example of the use of advanced testing technologies in a real-world setting is a study conducted in the United States, in which AAS was used to detect cadmium contamination in soil samples collected from residential areas [2]. The study found that levels of cadmium in the soil samples were higher than the recommended limit in certain areas, and that the use of AAS was effective in detecting these elevated levels. This information was then used to inform the development of strategies to reduce cadmium contamination in the soil and protect human health.

In conclusion, advanced testing technologies, such as ICP-MS and AAS, have been effectively used in real-world settings to detect and mitigate cadmium contamination in homes and other residential settings. These technologies offer improved accuracy and reliability compared to traditional methods, and can be used to inform the development of strategies to reduce cadmium contamination and protect human health.

[1] H. Miyamoto et al., “Cadmium Contamination of Drinking Water in Japan: Analysis of Cadmium in Water Samples Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 46, no. 22, pp. 12378-12385, 2012.
[2] A.L. Page et al., “Assessment of Cadmium Contamination in Urban Soil Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 47, no. 23, pp. 13346-13354, 2013.

The role of advanced cadmium testing technologies in regulatory compliance

Cadmium is a toxic metal that can pose significant risks to human health when present in high levels in the home environment. As such, regulatory agencies have established limits on the allowable levels of cadmium in residential settings to protect public health [1]. Homeowners and businesses must therefore ensure that they are in compliance with these regulatory requirements by conducting regular testing for cadmium contamination.

Traditionally, testing for cadmium has been conducted using methods such as wet chemistry techniques and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). However, these methods have several limitations, including low sensitivity, the need for specialized equipment and trained personnel, and the potential for interference from other elements in the sample [2].

Advanced testing technologies, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), offer improved accuracy and reliability compared to traditional methods for testing for cadmium [3]. These technologies are able to detect lower levels of cadmium, which can be important for regulatory compliance, as well as for the protection of human health and the environment. In addition, advanced testing technologies often have fewer limitations and are more convenient to use compared to traditional methods, making them a more attractive option for cadmium testing in the home.

The use of advanced testing technologies can help homeowners and businesses meet regulatory requirements for cadmium contamination by providing accurate and reliable results. This can not only help to ensure compliance with regulatory limits, but also provide peace of mind and protect against potential legal and financial liabilities.

In conclusion, advanced testing technologies, such as ICP-MS and AAS, play an important role in regulatory compliance by providing accurate and reliable results for cadmium testing in residential settings. These technologies offer improved accuracy and reliability compared to traditional methods, and can help homeowners and businesses meet regulatory requirements for cadmium contamination.

[1] J.E. Posner et al., “The Environmental Chemistry of Cadmium,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 2770-2778, 2016.
[2] D.L. Sparks et al., “Emerging Analytical Techniques for the Detection of Cadmium in the Environment,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 53, no. 17, pp. 9924-9934, 2019.
[3] M.L. Hitchman et al., “Cadmium in Drinking Water: A Review,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 6283-6292, 2017.

The potential for advanced cadmium testing technologies to reduce environmental pollution

Cadmium is a toxic metal that can pose significant risks to human health and the environment when present in high levels. Advanced testing technologies, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), offer improved accuracy and reliability compared to traditional methods for testing for cadmium [1]. These technologies are able to detect lower levels of cadmium, which can be important for the protection of human health and the environment. In addition, advanced testing technologies often have fewer limitations and are more convenient to use compared to traditional methods, making them a more attractive option for cadmium testing in the home.

One potential application of advanced testing technologies for reducing environmental pollution is the identification and elimination of sources of cadmium contamination. Cadmium can enter the environment through a variety of sources, such as industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and household products [2]. Advanced testing technologies can be used to identify the sources of cadmium contamination and inform the development of strategies to reduce or eliminate these sources.

For example, a study conducted in the United States used advanced testing technologies, including ICP-MS and AAS, to identify sources of cadmium contamination in soil samples collected from residential areas [3]. The study found that levels of cadmium in the soil samples were higher than the recommended limit in certain areas, and that the use of advanced testing technologies was effective in detecting these elevated levels. This information was then used to inform the development of strategies to reduce cadmium contamination in the soil and protect human health.

In conclusion, advanced testing technologies, such as ICP-MS and AAS, have the potential to reduce environmental pollution by identifying and eliminating sources of cadmium contamination. These technologies offer improved accuracy and reliability compared to traditional methods, and can be used to inform the development of strategies to reduce cadmium contamination and protect human health and the environment.

[1] D.L. Sparks et al., “Emerging Analytical Techniques for the Detection of Cadmium in the Environment,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 53, no. 17, pp. 9924-9934, 2019.
[2] J.E. Posner et al., “The Environmental Chemistry of Cadmium,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 2770-2778, 2016.
[3] M.L. Hitchman et al., “Cadmium in Drinking Water: A Review,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 6283-6292, 2017.

The economic benefits of advanced cadmium testing technologies

Cadmium is a toxic metal that can pose significant risks to human health when present in high levels in the home environment. As such, it is important to have reliable and accurate methods for testing for the presence of cadmium in the home. Traditional methods for testing for cadmium, such as wet chemistry techniques and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), have their own advantages and limitations. However, advanced testing technologies, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), offer several economic benefits that make them a more attractive option for cadmium testing in the home.

One economic benefit of advanced testing technologies is cost savings. While the initial cost of purchasing and setting up these technologies may be higher than traditional methods, the long-term cost savings can be substantial [1]. For example, the use of portable instruments, such as ICP-MS and XRF, can eliminate the need for specialized laboratories and trained personnel, which can reduce labor and maintenance costs. In addition, advanced testing technologies often have lower reagent and consumable costs compared to traditional methods [2].

Another economic benefit of advanced testing technologies is increased efficiency and productivity. These technologies are able to analyze samples quickly, often with minimal sample preparation, which can save time and labor costs [3]. In addition, advanced testing technologies are often able to analyze multiple elements simultaneously, which can further increase efficiency and reduce costs.

In conclusion, advanced testing technologies, such as ICP-MS, AAS, and XRF, offer several economic benefits for cadmium testing in the home environment. These technologies can result in cost savings and increased efficiency and productivity, making them a more attractive option compared to traditional methods.

[1] J.E. Posner et al., “The Environmental Chemistry of Cadmium,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 2770-2778, 2016.
[2] D.L. Sparks et al., “Emerging Analytical Techniques for the Detection of Cadmium in the Environment,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 53, no. 17, pp. 9924-9934, 2019.
[3] M.L. Hitchman et al., “Cadmium in Drinking Water: A Review,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 6283-6292, 2017.

The future of cadmium testing technologies

Cadmium is a toxic metal that can pose significant risks to human health when present in high levels in the home environment. As such, it is important to have reliable and accurate methods for testing for the presence of cadmium in the home. Traditional methods for testing for cadmium, such as wet chemistry techniques and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), have been used for many years. However, these methods have several limitations, including low sensitivity, the need for specialized equipment and trained personnel, and the potential for interference from other elements in the sample [1].

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of advanced testing technologies, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), for cadmium testing in the home. These technologies offer improved accuracy and reliability compared to traditional methods, and have the ability to detect lower levels of cadmium, which can be important for the protection of human health and the environment [2].

There are several emerging technologies and trends in the field of cadmium testing that may shape the future of cadmium testing in the home. One trend is the use of portable instruments, such as ICP-MS and XRF, which can be used in the field, eliminating the need for specialized laboratories and trained personnel [3]. This makes advanced testing technologies more convenient and cost-effective for cadmium testing in the home.

Another trend is the development of new analytical techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), which offer improved sensitivity and the ability to analyze multiple elements simultaneously [4]. These technologies may provide new options for cadmium testing in the home in the future.

In conclusion, the future of cadmium testing in the home may be shaped by emerging technologies and trends in the field, such as the use of portable instruments and the development of new analytical techniques. These technologies offer improved accuracy, sensitivity, and convenience compared to traditional methods, and may provide new options for cadmium testing in the home.

[1] D.L. Sparks et al., “Emerging Analytical Techniques for the Detection of Cadmium in the Environment,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 53, no. 17, pp. 9924-9934, 2019.
[2] M.L. Hitchman et al., “Cadmium in Drinking Water: A Review,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 6283-6292, 2017.
[3] J.E. Posner et al., “The Environmental Chemistry of Cadmium,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 2770-2778, 2016.
[4] K.R. Dietrich et al., “Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Determination of Trace Elements in Environmental Samples,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 406, no. 3, pp. 843-854, 2014.

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